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Darius I (Old Persian: ''Dārayava(h)uš'', c. 550–486 BCE) was the third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Also called Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east, and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya),〔http://www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun-t02.html#1.9-17〕 eastern Libya and coastal Sudan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DĀḠESTĀN )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Making of the Georgian Nation )〕 Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata, the alleged magus usurper of Bardiya with the assistance of six other Persian noble families; Darius was crowned the following morning. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt, and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades, and the island of Naxos, and the sacking and enslavement of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the Biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah. ==Etymology== (詳細はLatin form of the Greek ''Dareîos'' (), itself from Old Persian ''Dārayava(h)uš'' (; in Aramaic ''dryhwš''), which is a shortened form of ''Dārayava(h)uš'' (). The longer form is also seen to have been reflected in the Elamite ''Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš'', Babylonian ''Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš'', Aramaic ''drywhwš'', and possibly the longer Greek form ''Dareiaîos'' (). The name is a nominative form meaning "he who holds firm the good(ness)", which can be seen by the first part ''dāraya'', meaning "holder", and the adverb ''vau'', meaning "goodness". Sanskrit "dhar" or "dharan, which means "to hold" has the same roots. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Darius I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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